Using PersonalBrain with External Applications via XML and other methods 81 705 OneDrive links in TheBrain with get-my.link 1677490618 by munchie75 MacOS specific topics 430 2,221 Brain 11 on Mac OS 12.2 fails import 1679183800 by Harlan Upload BrainZips and post links to SiteBrains here 98 683 Here is a nice map I made for the topic of Music Production in XML format for TheBrain family, cheers 1680359360 by mcatonĭiscuss your requests and ideas 2,169 9,561 Relationships as new element for version 14 1683503686 by gbolzanĭiscuss bugs here 2,354 11,984 can't find backlinks 1683453052 by meta Talk about how you are using TheBrain here 393 2,654 TB Task list & Journal 1683118983 by scottmoehring Get help with TheBrain here 2,072 9,432 Sometimes getting Started is the hard part 1683494455 by scottmoehring PersonalBrain 4.3 Experimental Release Archiveĭiscuss the new release. A more nuanced understanding of how addiction develops in mouse brains could help identify novel targets to combat addiction in people.TheBrain for iOS 1.0 Beta - Password required Slesinger is especially interested in using CNiFERs to study addiction. Mouse studies might be a far cry from the kind of human impact that neuroscience ultimately strives toward-better treatments for Parkinson’s patients or concussion sufferers, for example-but this is where it all begins. As the animals became conditioned to associate the audio cue with the sugar, however, the neurotransmitter release occurred earlier, eventually coinciding with the audio cue rather than the actual reward. At the beginning of the experiment, the mice experienced a release of dopamine and norepinephrine when they received a sugar cube. Just as Pavlov trained his dog to salivate at the sound of a dinner bell, Slesinger and his team trained mice to associate an audio cue with a food reward. Slesinger and his colleagues have used CNiFERs to look more closely at a classic psychological phenomenon: Pavlovian conditioning. The sensors are being tested in animals to examine particular brain processes. Prior technology had trouble distinguishing between similar molecules, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, but CNiFERs do not. Different sections of the sensor can be swapped out to detect individual neurotransmitters. Because they comprise several interlocking parts, CNiFERs are highly versatile, forming a “plug-and-play system,” Slesinger says. ![]() Using a tiny sensor implanted in the brain, scientists can then measure how much light the CNiFER emits, and from that infer the amount of neurotransmitter present. When a CNiFER comes in contact with the neurotransmitter it is designed to detect, it fluoresces. ![]() But CNiFERs make for a happy medium they allow researchers to monitor multiple neurotransmitters in many cells over significant periods of time. Scientists have used functional magnetic resonance imaging to look at blood flow as a surrogate for brain activity over fairly long periods of time or have employed tracers to follow the release of a particular neurotransmitter from a small set of neurons for a few seconds. Neuroscientist Paul Slesinger at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, one of the senior researchers who spearheaded this research, presented the sensors Monday at the American Chemical Society’s 252nd National Meeting & Exposition.Ĭurrent technologies have proved either too broad or too specific to track how tiny amounts of neurotransmitters in and around many cells might contribute to the transmission of a thought. This newfound ability, developed as part of the White House BRAIN Initiative, could further our understanding of how brain function arises from the complex interplay of individual neurons, including how complex behaviors like addiction develop. These sensors, called CNiFERs (pronounced “sniffers”), for cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporters, are enabling scientists to examine the brain in action and up close. The glowing splash of cyan in the photo above comes from a type of biosensor that can detect the release of very small amounts of neurotransmitters, the signaling molecules that brain cells use to communicate. How the brain bridges the gap between these two tiers of neural activity remains a great mystery, but a new kind of technology is edging us closer to solving it. When many fire together, they form a thought. When a single neuron fires, it is an isolated chemical blip.
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